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ResultsA total of 549 original and review articles, published in 287 different peer-reviewed journals by 1888 authors, were identified. There was a steady increase in the number of published articles from 1995 to 2014. The majority of the articles was written in English (95.8%) and the United States was the leading country in the total number of published articles (n = 107, 19.5%) Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine published the greatest number of articles on the topic (n = 31, 5.6%). The article that received the greatest number of citations was published in Complementary Therapies in Medicine. Visualization analysis based on co-occurrences of words in the title and abstract revealed three clusters of research topics, including essential oil, intervention, and complementary medicine. MethodsThe Thomson Reuters Web of Science website was used to identify research articles on the topic of aromatherapy.

The Science Citation Index-Expanded database was selected. The search was conducted on July 1, 2015. The publication period was limited to 20 years, 1995–2014. Original and review articles were selected for further analyses. The records extracted were analyzed for citation characteristics, including the distribution of publication years, languages, countries or regions, journals, articles, and authors using HistCite 12.03.17 (HistCite Software LLC).The observed distribution of the frequency of authors and the number of their publications was fitted with the distribution function depicted by the Lotka’s law using a computer program to obtain the values of the exponent n (i.e., the slope of the log–log plot) and the constant c (the fraction of authors with only a single publication) (LOTKA version 1.02). The deviation between the observed and the theoretical distribution function was evaluated using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness-of-fit test.

In addition, the frequency of journals and the number of the articles that they contained were also evaluated with the computer program.In addition, VOSviewer v.1.61 for Microsoft Windows (Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands) was used to construct bibliometric diagrams for visualization of co-citation of the journals and co-occurrence of the text corpus extracted from the title and the abstract fields of the articles. Co-citation can be defined as any two items (authors) that have been jointly cited by another item (author). Thus, the more co-citations two items received, the more likely that they are related.

The fractional counting method was used when constructing the co-citation network. With fractional counting, if a citing article contains n references, each citation will count for only 1/ n of the overall citations.For the co-occurrence analysis, the text mining functionality of the VOSviewer first identifies the noun phrases in the text corpus based on the Apache OpenNLP toolkit, and then it converts all plural noun phrases into singular ones. The relevance of the resulting noun phrases was determined by comparing the pattern of their co-occurrences. While noun phrases with a low relevance will exhibit a random pattern of co-occurrence with other noun phrases, those with a high relevance will co-occur mainly with a limited set of other noun phrases. In this study, the noun phrases (hereinafter referred to as “terms”) identified by VOSviewer were also manually inspected.

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Words of similar meaning or abbreviation (for example, “cam” and “complementary”) were merged into its canonical form. Terms that deemed uninformative such as “year”, “change” and publishers’ name were eliminated to improve the clarity of the resulting network. Only “Original article” and “review” were included in subsequent analysesFigure indicates that the number of articles increased steadily during the 20-year period with 67 articles published in 2014. As expected, the majority of the articles were written in English (95.8%) (Table ).

Authors from a total of 58 countries or regions contributed to the 549 published articles. The United States had the most published articles (19.5%), followed by the United Kingdom (17.3%). In terms of citations per paper, Australia was the leading country (34.5%) (Table ). TGCS total global citation score = total number of citations receivedCitations/article = TGCS/number of articlesOf the 1888 authors, Edzard Ernst of the Exeter University, United Kingdom had authored or co-authored the highest number of articles on the topic of aromatherapy (13 articles), followed by Myeong Soo Lee of the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, South Korea (12 articles) and Myung-Haeng Hur of the Eulji University, South Korea (10 articles). Moreover, 1654 authors (87.6%) published only one article, 167 authors (8.8%) published two articles, 43 authors (2.3%) published three articles, and only 24 authors (1.3%) published four or more articles on the topic of aromatherapy.The 549 articles were published in 287 different journals. Table shows the top 20 journals with the highest number of original and review articles on aromatherapy. Six of them were of the Web of Science category “Integrative and Complementary Medicine”.

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The median impact factor was 1.77 and six were quartile 1 journals, seven were quartile 2 journals, according to the classification of the Journal Citation Reports. Regarding the number of articles published in each journal, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine published the most articles (31 articles), followed by Complementary Therapies in Medicine (27 articles), and Evidence- based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (21 articles). In addition, 17 journals contained a range of five to nine articles, eight journals contained four articles, 14 journals contained three articles, 48 journals contained two articles, and 197 journals contained only one article. Furthermore, the top 50 ranking journals (17.4% out of the 287 journals) accounted for 272 or 49.5% of the 549 articles. RankJournalWeb of Science subject categoryNo. TGCS total global citation score = total number of citations receivedCitations/article = TGCS/number of articlesaImpact factors were obtained from the 2015 release of Journal Citation Reports Science Edition with 2014 dataTable shows the 10 most cited original and review articles on aromatherapy published between 1995 and 2014.

The top-ranking paper, with 357 citations, was published in Complementary Therapies in Medicine. The second-ranking paper was a review article published in Phytotherapy Research in 2007 with 278 citations. Since the earlier the published year, the longer the duration that an article has an opportunity to be cited, a citation score per year was also calculated to provide a different index for comparison. In addition, these articles were found to rank at the same position based on the number obtained from the Google Scholar citations.

RankFirst author(no. Of total authors)TitleJournal(impact factor a)Year of publicationGlobal citation scoreGlobal citation score per yearNo. Global citation score = citation frequency based on the full Web of Science count at the time the data was downloadedGlobal citation score per year = global citation score/(2015 – the year of publication)The number of Google Scholar citations was obtained fromaImpact factors were obtained from the 2015 release of Journal Citation Reports Science Editon with 2014 dataVisualization analysis of the citation data were further explored using VOSviewer. Figure shows the results of co-citation analysis of the 287 journals that received at least 50 co-citations. The size of a circle reflects the number of citations that a journal has received while the distance between two journals indicates the strength of the relatedness between them. Five clusters containing 55 journals were identified. Cluster 1 (red) consisted of 21 journals mainly publishing in complementary medicine and nursing research.

Cluster 2 (green) consisted of 15 journals of medicinal chemistry and food science. Cluster 3 (blue) consisted of 11 journals of general medicine and geriatric medicine. Cluster 4 (purple) consisted of four journals focusing on entomology and Cluster 5 (yellow) consisted of four journals in dermatology. Co-citation network of journals with original and review articles on aromatherapy published between 1995 and 2014 that received at least 50 co-citations.

Five clusters were identified: cluster 1 ( blue, top left), cluster 2 ( red, middle left), cluster 3 ( green, bottom middle), cluster 4 ( purple, right), and cluster 5 ( yellow, inset). The inset ( bottom left corner) shows the full co-citation network map with two journals ( Journal of Chemical Ecology and Florida Entomologist). Clusters located close to each other in the figure indicate related topicsFigure shows the co-occurrence network of terms that occurred in the title or abstract of at least 20 articles. Overall, 84 of the 12,261 terms meet the criteria and the top 60% of the most relevant terms, that is, 50 terms are displayed in the figure. Cluster 1 (red) had 23 terms and the highest co-occurrence term was “essential oil” (216 co-occurrences).

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Cluster 2 (green) had 14 items with “intervention” receiving 121 co-occurrences followed by “massage therapy” receiving 109 co-occurrences. Cluster 3 (blue) had 13 items with “complementary medicine” and “alternative medicine” receiving 78 and 74 co-occurrences, respectively. DiscussionIn this bibliometric study, we present the results of publication on the topic of aromatherapy published between 1995 and 2014. The analyses of the growing trend of the number of original and review articles over the period, language used, and countries did not expose unexpected findings. Although over half of the 549 articles originated from authors from non-English speaking regions of the world, 95% of the articles were written in English.

This finding reflects not only that English is the de facto global language of scientific communication but also the characteristic of the Science Citation Index, which contains relatively few non-English language journals.Of the 1888 authors, the two most prolific authors in aromatherapy revealed by this study, Edzard Ernst and Myeong Soo Lee were also highly productive in other subfields of complementary medicine. The distribution of the number of articles published by the authors in this study was evaluated with the Lotka’s law of scientific productivity. Based on the statistical distribution of the productivity of authors based on Chemical Abstracts, Lotka observed that “ the number (of authors) making n contributions is about 1/ n 2 of those making one; and the proportion all contributors, that make a single contribution, is about 60%.” In other words, the number of authors producing n articles is proportional to 1/ n 2 or similarly, the number of journals containing n articles is proportional to 1/ n 2. Our study found that only 12 authors contributed to five or more articles while 1654 of the 1888 authors (88%) contributed to only one article. However, the LOTKA computer program failed to fit a Lotka’s power law distribution to our observed data.On the other hand, the distribution of the 549 aromatherapy articles in the 287 journals fitted well, as indicated by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness-of-fit test, according to the Lotka’s power law. A n of 2.424 and a c of 0.728 were obtained from the computer program LOTKA and therefore, the Lotka power function can be expressed as Y = 0.728/X 2.424, where X is the number of articles and Y is the relative frequency of journals with X articles was obtained. According to this formula, 72.8% of the journals can be estimated to contain only one article.

The value of n is larger than the 2 that originally suggested by Lotka but smaller than the 3.5 that recently reported in a study of citation data from the Scopus database. Previous research indicated that the exponent n and the constant c could be influenced by the subject area and its productivity, the state of development, the country of origin, the time period of the study, and the length of that period.As anticipated by the power law, most articles were concentrated in several journals. In fact, almost a quarter of the articles were published in only three journals, namely, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Complementary Therapies in Medicine, and Evidence- based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Hence, these journals can be considered as the core journals for knowledge dissemination of aromatherapy research.The top 10 most cited original and review articles on aromatherapy published between 1995 and 2014 were analyzed to reveal the types of research in aromatherapy (Table ).

The top-ranking paper reported the findings from a postal survey of 2669 adults in England regarding their out-of-pocket expenditure on practitioner-provided complementary therapies and over-the-counter remedies. The second-ranking paper was a review article published in 2007. The article described the possible mode of action of essential oils and their volatile constituents and outlined the therapeutic properties of essential oils in aroma and massage therapy. Moreover, half of the 10 most cited articles were review articles.

This finding is not surprising since systematic reviews and meta-analysis occupy the highest position in the current proposed hierarchy of evidence. In addition, another possible reason for the high citation counts in review articles is because they are often cited under the introduction section of original articles. A study of the 100 most-cited papers in each of 21 scientific fields during the period 1996–2006 found that a considerable number of the articles in each field were review articles.Visualization analysis was used to create a two-dimensional map of co-citation network of journals that received at least 50 co-citations (Fig. ). Five clusters containing 55 journals were generated by the VOSviewer. The cluster 1 (red) formed by the 21 journals focusing on complementary medicine were distanced similarly from two other clusters: cluster 2 (green) formed by 15 journals in medicinal chemistry and food science and cluster 3 (blue) formed by 11 journals in general medicine and geriatric medicine. This distribution pattern indicated that while there was high relatedness among the articles within each cluster, moderate relatedness also existed between cluster 1 and 2 and between cluster 1 and 3.

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On the other hand, cluster 4 (purple) and especially cluster 5 (yellow) had much lower relatedness with the articles in the complementary medicine cluster.To locate popular research topics on aromatherapy research published between 1995 and 2014, the co-occurrence of terms in the title or abstract of at least 20 articles was analyzed. Three clusters with a total of 50 terms were identified. Cluster 1 (red) consisted of terms related to essential oil such as the mode of administration (inhalation), type of oil (lavender), study design (experiment, placebo), and outcome (stress, blood pressure).

The second cluster (green) composed of terms that dealt with interventions (aromatherapy, massage therapy) and medical conditions such as nausea, dementia, and cancer. Systematic reviews and reviews came out as prominent terms because 16% of the articles were reviews. In addition, the appearance of the term “child” reflected a few well-cited survey studies and reviews on complementary medicine use in children –. Finally, Cluster 3 (blue) contained general terms of complementary medicine, methods of knowledge acquisition (survey, questionnaire), and related complementary therapies (homeopathy, reflexology).

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The latter co-occurrence could be explained by the fact that these therapies were often included in survey studies – and disease-specific reviews of complementary medicine along with aromatherapy. The visualization of co-occurrence network could be used not only to show the pattern and hot spots of aromatherapy therapy in the past, but may also help to reveal potential or neglected research areas.Several intrinsic limitations of this bibliometric analysis should be noted. First, it is possible that some articles could be missed with the use of a single citation database. Further studies can evaluate other databases such as Scopus and Google Scholars and to compare their findings with those from this study. Second, the Science Citation Index database is biased towards English-language journals and therefore, the results should be interpreted as such.

Moreover, the non-English language journals included in the Science Citation Index database was found to have a lower impact than those in the English-language journals. Therefore, the comparisons of publication output among countries might be affected.

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DescriptionThe Essential Oils by GC/MS database was born over 40 years ago, when Professor Robert P. Adams began his research on terpenes, and populated the database with his research and the contributions of dozens of respected plant biologists around the world.Version 4 of the Terpene database now includes the spectra and retention times for 2,205 compounds. This product includes a searchable database in either Agilent, Shimadzu, or NIST compatible formats and an electronic copy of the book “Essential Oil Components by GC/MS” with spectra, retention times, structures, and more.New: This NIST version of the database is significantly enhanced to include electronic structures.

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In addition it also includes:Chiral structures are displayed and are searchable for all compounds.Retention Index is in the NIST comments field, with chromatographic conditions disclosed.Retention index is now displayed in the NIST search report, thus adding easy secondary confirmation of compound identity.InChlKey provides access to PubChem for structure confirmation.Compound names have retention time prefix removed. Now you can perform searches by compound name.Existing owners of the NIST version of the Essential Oil Components Database may order upgrades.Important: If you are ordering either DVD or USB media and your shipping address is outside the United States, please review the.More information on the database may be found on the prduct web page.